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创新的特点
A further characterization of innovation is as an organizational or management process. For example, Davila (2006), write: “Innovation, like many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline.”
From this point of view, the emphasis is moved from the introduction of specific novel and useful ideas to the general organizational processes and procedures for generating, considering, and acting on such insights leading to significant organizational improvements in terms of improved or new business products, services, or internal processes.
创新者的八大特点
A 2005/6 MIT survey of innovation in technology found a number of characteristics common to innovators working in that field.
1. They are not troubled by the idea of failure.
2. They realize that failure can be learned from and that the “failed” technology can later be reused for other purposes.
3. They know innovation requires that one works in advanced areas where failure is a real possibility.
4. Innovators are curious about what is happening in a myriad of disciplines, not only their own specialism.
5. Innovators are open to third-party experiments with their products.
6. They recognize that a useful innovation must be “robust”, flexible and adaptable.
7. Innovators delight in spotting a need that we don’t even know we harbor, and then fulfilling that need with a new innovation, and as such.
8. Innovators like to make products that are immediately useful to their first users.
创新的九大类型
Scholars have identified at a variety of classifications for types innovations. Here is an unordered ad-hoc list of examples:
1. Business model innovation involves changing the way business is done in terms of capturing value, e.g. Compaq vs. Dell, hub and spoke airlines vs. Southwest, and Hertz/Avis vs. Enterprise.
2. Marketing innovation is the development of new marketing methods with improvement in product design or packaging, product promotion or pricing.
3. Organizational innovation involves the creation or alteration of business structures, practices, and models, and may therefore include process, marketing and business model innovation.
4. Process innovation involves the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method.
5. Product innovation involves the introduction of a new good or service that is new or substantially improved. This might include improvements in functional characteristics, technical abilities, ease of use, or any other dimension.
6. Service innovation refers to service product innovation which might be, compared to goods product innovation or process innovation, relatively less involving technological advance but more interactive and information-intensive, mainly due to the characteristics of services per se. This type of innovation can be found both in manufacturing and service firms since they can, particularly obviously at present, provide services to customers.
7. Supply chain innovation occurs in the sourcing of input products from suppliers and the delivery of output products to customers.
8. Substantial innovation introduces a different product or service within the same line, such as the movement of a candle company into marketing the electric light bulb.
9. Financial innovation: New financial services and products are developed, by combining basic financial attributes (ownership, risk-sharing, liquidity, credit) in progressive innovative ways, as well as reactive exploration of borders and strength of tax law. Through a cycle of development, directive compliance is being sharpened on opportunities, so new financial services and products are continuously shaped and progressed to be adopted. The dynamic spectrum of financial innovation, where business processes, services and products are adapted and improved so new valuable chains emerge, therefore may be seen to involve most of the above mentioned types of innovation.
两种层次的创新
As innovation in specific technologies, services or methods that are of interest at firm level, scholars such as Christopher Freeman have proposed two levels of innovation that are important at an industry or economy level:
1. New technological systems (systemic innovations) give rise to new industrial sectors, and induce major change across several branches of the economy. These systemic innovations are based on a range of radical and incremental socio-technical innovation.
2. Technological revolutions or new techno-economic paradigms refer to clusters of innovations that can change the whole economy, corresponding to Joseph Schumpeter’s “creative gales of destruction”. These revolutions can take decades to occur, as they involve massive innovation of economic, social and cultural practices.
