GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之领导力与管理风格

2015年08月28日13:51 来源：小站整理: 参与（0）阅读（2711）

摘要：想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的一环。本文整理了GRE ISSUE作文素质品德类真题的精品优质素材第七部分，分享给各位考生。

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领导力与管理的混合vs.管理风格

Differences in the mix of leadership and management can define various management styles. Some management styles tend to de-emphasize leadership. Included in this group one could include participatory management, democratic management, and collaborative management styles. Other management styles, such as authoritarian management, micro-management, and top-down management, depend more on a leader to provide direction. Note, however, that just because an organization has no single leader giving it direction, does not mean it necessarily has weak leadership. In many cases group leadership (multiple leaders) can prove effective. Having a single leader (as in dictatorship) allows for quick and decisive decision-making when needed as well as when not needed. Group decision-making sometimes earns the derisive label “committee-it-is” because of the longer times required to make decisions, but group leadership can bring more expertise, experience, and perspectives through a democratic process.

领导与管理I：管理是领导的子概念

Some commentators link leadership closely with the idea of management. Some regard the two as synonymous, and others consider management a subset of leadership. If one accepts this premise, one can view leadership as:

1. centralized or decentralized

2. broad or focused

3. decision-oriented or morale-centered

4. intrinsic or derived from some authority

Any of the bipolar labels traditionally ascribed to management style could also apply to leadership style. Management merely consists of leadership applied to business situations; or in other words: management forms a sub-set of the broader process of leadership. Leadership occurs any time one attempts to influence the behavior of an individual or group, regardless of the reason. Management is a kind of leadership in which the achievement of organizational goals is paramount.

领导与管理II：领导与管理的区别

However, a clear distinction between management and leadership may nevertheless prove useful. This would allow for a reciprocal relationship between leadership and management, implying that an effective manager should possess leadership skills, and an effective leader should demonstrate management skills. One clear distinction could provide the following definition: Management involves power by position. Leadership involves power by influence. Leaders are inspiring visionaries, concerned about substance; while managers are planners who have concerns with process.

Specifically, a leader optimizes upside opportunity; a manager minimizes downside risk. Successful executives need to apply both disciplines in a balance appropriate to the enterprise and its context. Leadership without management yields steps forward, but as many if not more steps backwards. Management without leadership avoids any step backwards, but doesn’t move forward.