GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之自然生存状态

2015年08月21日14:40 来源：小站整理

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国家自主决定权的原则

The principle of self-determination formally expresses a central claim of nationalism, namely the entitlement of each nation to its own nation state. It has itself become a typical demand of

nationalist movements. However, the formal expression of the principle came later than the nationalist movements and the first nation-states. In the 20th century the principle was central to the process of decolonization, but its use was not limited to contesting colonialist or imperialist rule.

Some interpretations of the principle in ethics treat it as a translation or extension of universal rights of individuals (political freedom, freedom of religion, freedom of speech) to a group. Sometimes it is treated as a specific collective right, distinct from individual rights. It is a disputed principle in ethics, with some arguing that no such entitlement exists, other than perhaps the right to resist or secede from tyranny.

国家特征与自然生存状态

To trigger off any philosophy on what should be the characteristics of the state, we must first imagine living in a State of Nature (living with the lack of a state). Since we cannot trace back to any time that we‟ve been without government, we must imagine what it would be like in a State of Nature. What are people like with the absence of a state? There have been many views in answering this question, therefore there have been many differences in views about what the ideal state should be and serve as. A character of a state is described to be the best remedy for the deficiency of the State of Nature.

The pessimistic view of State of Nature depicts life as solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. The first principle of human behavior is egoism, or self-interest, and it is this egoism, that is the root of all social conflict. Although all people are roughly equal, still, if someone has more, others have less. The insecurity regarding what you can keep leads to violence. There are no restraints on people‟s actions, so it leads to war. Therefore, any state is better than the State of Nature. Even if it is a corrupt state, you can still benefit more from the corrupt state than you would from the State of Nature which is completely lawless.

洛克观点： 自然生存状态

In Locke‟s State of Nature, the State of Nature is ordered by the Laws of Nature, including your Natural Rights to Life, Liberty, and Property. If a man works a piece of land and makes it better and more valuable or useful, it becomes his property. This possession can only be freely contracted away to others, and government. Although the political society is the result of agreements made between people living in a State of Nature, the state must have permission of a person to enforce the law on him. However, if you acquire any property which falls under the jurisdiction of the state, you thereby become a tacit member of that state. Thus, by using the benefits of the state, you have consented to being a member of the state.