GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之能源技术

2015年08月14日17:47 来源：小站整理

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适当技术AT的构成

E. F. Schumacher asserts that Appropriate technology, described in the book Small is Beautiful, tends to promote values such as health, beauty and permanence, in that order.

What exactly constitutes Appropriate Technology in any given case is a matter of debate, but generally the term is used by theorists to question high technology or what they consider to be excessive mechanization, human displacement, resource depletion or increased pollution associated with industrialization. The term has often, though not always, been applied to the situations of developing nations or underdeveloped rural areas of industrialized nations.

It could be argued that “Appropriate Technology” for a technologically advanced society may mean a more expensive, complex technology requiring expert maintenance and high energy inputs. However, this is not the usual meaning of the term.

适当能源技术

“Appropriate” energy technologies are especially suitable for isolated and/or small scale energy needs. However, high capital cost must be taken into account.

Electricity can be provided from solar cells (which are expensive initially, but simple), wind power or micro hydro, with energy stored in batteries.

Biobutanol, biodiesel and straight vegetable oil can be appropriate, direct biofuels in areas where vegetable oil is readily available and cheaper than fossil fuels.

A generator (running on biofuels) can be run more efficiently if combined with batteries and an inverter; this adds significantly to capital cost but reduces running cost, and can potentially make this a much cheaper option than the solar, wind and micro-hydro options.

Biogas is another potential source of energy, particularly where there is an abundant supply of waste organic matter.

The term “soft energy technology” was coined by Amory Lovins to describe “appropriate” renewable energy.

人类中心说

What Humanist theories do not allow for is the fact that a system of ethics formulated from a human perspective may be entirely accurate; humans are not necessarily the centre of reality. The philosopher Baruch Spinoza argued that we tend to assess things wrongly in terms of their usefulness to us. Spinoza reasoned that if we were to look at things objectively we would discover that everything in the universe has a unique value. Likewise, it is possible that a human-centred or anthropocentric/androcentric ethic is not an accurate depiction of reality, and there is a bigger picture that we may or may not be able to understand from a human perspective.

Peter Vardy distinguished between two types of anthropocentrism. A strong thesis anthropocentric ethic argues that humans are at the centre of reality and it is right for them to be so. Weak thesis, however, argues that reality can only be interpreted from a human point of view, thus humans have to be at the centre of reality as they see it.